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Agriculture is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture in the twentieth century came to dominate agricultural output, though about 2 billion people still depended on subsistence agriculture. The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels and raw materials (such as rubber). Food classes include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, oils, meat, milk, eggs and fungi. Over one-third of the world's workers are employed in agriculture, second only to the service sector, although in recent decades, the global trend of a decreasing number of agricultural workers continues, especially in developing countries where smallholding is being overtaken by industrial agriculture and mechanization that brings an enormous crop yield increase. Modern agronomy, plant breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, and technological developments have sharply increased crop yields, but causing ecological and environmental damage.
The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with their associated islands, the Americas cover 8% of Earth's total surface area and 28. 4% of its land area. The topography is dominated by the American Cordillera, a long chain of mountains that runs the length of the west coast. The flatter eastern side of the Americas is dominated by large river basins, such as the Amazon, St. Lawrence River–Great Lakes basin, Mississippi, and La Plata. Since the Americas extend 14,000 km (8,700 mi) from north to south, the climate and ecology vary widely, from the arctic tundra of Northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska, to the tropical rain forests in Central America and South America. Countries in America are U. S. A. , Mexico, Canada, Guatemala, Haiti, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Guadeloupe, Belize, Bahamas, Martinique, Barbados, Saint Lucia, Curaçao, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Aruba, United States Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Cayman Islands, Bermuda, Greenland, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sint Maarten, Turks and Caicos Islands, Saint Martin, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Anguilla, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Montserrat, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Falkland Islands.